The King James Bible was first published 400 years ago, in 1611, after four years of translation by the best Greek and Hebrew scholars in Britain. The King James Bible went on to have a great influence on the English language (much like Shakespeare, who was writing his plays at about the same time). It was the official Bible of the English church and became a popular translation throughout the English-speaking world, especially in America.
I grew up hearing the King James Bible, with some mid-18th Century revisions, read in church. It was the Bible I read when I first began to study it for myself (I usually read the New King James Version now). I think its influence on my speech and thought can still be heard from me, just like the remnants of my Bootheel accent.
The King James Bible can be tough reading. The language has changed in the last 400 years. Because it was officially a revision of an earlier translation, it was a bit stodgy, formal and dated even for its time. Mostly, it was considered an incredible, accessible, beautiful and even poetic translation in its time. Even the modern ear can detect the carefulness and cleverness of the language, the sense of rhythm, mood, and storytelling. The scholars who produced this translation wanted it to be both faithful to the original language and great writing in English. It was to be read from in the churches across England, so they wanted to sound good.
In addition to enjoying the Bible, I’ve had the pleasure of reading some histories that cover the translation of the Bible into English, especially the King James Bible. Here is a selection.
Wide as the Waters: The Story of the English Bible and the Revolution it Inspired by Benson Bobrick
Benson Bobrick tells two related stories side by side. One is the history of the translation of the Bible into English, culminating with the King James Bible. The second is how the concept of religious liberty, greatly tied into Bible translation, fueled thought on personal and political liberty, leading to reforms in the English government and the formation of American political thought.
Certain people serve as pins on which Bobrick hangs his narrative: John Wycliffe, William Tyndale, Miles Coverdale, and King James I. Tyndale prepared an influential translation of the Bible with the support and protection of a group of English wool merchants with ties to European Lutherans. The protection was not complete and Tyndale was executed after being convicted of heresy in the Netherlands for espousing Protestant views. When England became officially Protestant under Henry VIII, Coverdale translated and published English Bibles with official approval. Coverdale’s work, and the legal sanctions for it, prepared the way for the Authorized Bible that would take form in the reign of James I.
In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How it Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture by Alister McGrath
Alister McGrath lays the groundwork for his history of the King James Bible in the Protestant Reformation and the invention of the printing press. He then presents the history related to the King James Bible itself. Like Bobrick, McGrath wraps up with the influence of this translation, though he focuses more on language and culture than politics.
God’s Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible by Adam Nicolson
Nicolson focuses more specifically on the King James Bible and the men who prepared it than the other authors previously discussed. His choice to write less about what came before and after the King James Bible gave him room to write more about the translators, their work, personalities, and place in the spectrum of the English Reformation.
Majestie: The King Behind the King James Bible by Teems, David
This biography of King James includes several chapters on the translation he authorized. Its also provides interesting background on the man and the political and cultural climate of the times. A 17th century boy-king was not a very pleasant thing to be, and James’ journey to adulthood and monarchal power was full of danger. Teems’ style is less formal than some of the other authors on this subject.
Showing posts sorted by date for query 17th century. Sort by relevance Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by date for query 17th century. Sort by relevance Show all posts
Monday, April 25, 2011
Thursday, April 1, 2010
Descarte’s Secret Notebook by Amir D. Aczel
Aczel, Amir D. Descartes’ Secret Notebook. New York: Broadway, 2005.
A famous mathematician with suspected ties to a secretive cabal of global reformers dies from possible poisoning at the hand of a doctor employed by a European power. A French official surveys his papers, including a coded notebook, and has them quietly sent to the safekeeping of a relative. Years later, another brilliant mathematician, suffering from attacks on his reputation, seeks out the notebook to uncover its secrets.
It sounds like the plot of a thriller. Amir Aczel uses it to frame his biography of philosopher and mathematician René Descartes.
Descartes’ greatest hit as a philosopher was, “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am). He was a leader in rationalism, a philosophy that emphasizes the discovery of truth by use of reason. His method focused on methodical doubt by which he aimed to find truth (to him, all knowledge was connected, not discreet, unrelated truths) by reasoning out those things that could not be doubted. Thusly he reasoned his existence because he couldn’t very well doubt it when he was sitting there thinking about it. His method set him against the prevailing philosophy of the day, scholasticism, which focused on learning from authoritative figures and sources, particularly Aristotle.
High school algebra students will immediately recognize Descartes’ contribution to math. From today’s perspective, it may be hard to understand why it was such a big deal in the 17th Century. Descartes created analytic geometry, which uses algebraic equations to describe and understand geometric shapes. Before this, geometry and algebra were distinct fields, not parts of a unified mathematics. As part of this, he gave us Cartesian coordinates, the familiar x,y graph that has makes so many high school kids cross-eyed. Despite complaints that they’ll never use it, behind the scenes Cartesian coordinates are ubiquitous.
Descartes was not part of a secret society. He was a devout Catholic and was careful not to publish anything that would put him in direct conflict with the church. Even so, the writings of the Rosicrucians, a group of philosophers who sought political and religious reform and the advancement of science, influenced him. He even knew one of the brotherhood, though he may have been unaware of it. Despite his efforts to distance himself from the Rosy Cross, his books used terms that made some believe he was a Rosicrucian and his notebook included alchemical symbols that the group used.
Gottfried Leibniz, co-creator of calculus, was under attack from proponents of Isaac Newton, who independently created calculus contemporaneously with Leibniz. Other accused Leibniz of deriving his work from Descartes, which is why he diligently tracked down the Frenchman’s papers.
What did Descartes’ secret notebook contain? Leibniz handily decoded it. Descartes discovered Euler’s theorem. For polyhedrons, the sum of the number of faces (F) and the number of vertices (V) minus the number of edges (E) is 2 (F + V – E = 2). Descartes kept his discovery secret because some may have construed it as supporting a theory of Johann Kepler that used regular polyhedrons to describe planetary orbits in a Copernican model of the solar system. This was contrary to the teaching of the church, which Descartes wanted to avoid because of his personal devotion and because conflict with the Inquisition could be a career-ending (and life-ending) move.
Amir D. Aczel also wrote Chance.
If you’re interested in this book, you may also be interested in
1089 and All That by David Acheson
Fortune’s Formula by William Poundstone
The Numbers behind NUMB3RS by Keith Devlin & Gary Lorden
The Unfinished Game by Keith Devlin
A famous mathematician with suspected ties to a secretive cabal of global reformers dies from possible poisoning at the hand of a doctor employed by a European power. A French official surveys his papers, including a coded notebook, and has them quietly sent to the safekeeping of a relative. Years later, another brilliant mathematician, suffering from attacks on his reputation, seeks out the notebook to uncover its secrets.
It sounds like the plot of a thriller. Amir Aczel uses it to frame his biography of philosopher and mathematician René Descartes.
Descartes’ greatest hit as a philosopher was, “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am). He was a leader in rationalism, a philosophy that emphasizes the discovery of truth by use of reason. His method focused on methodical doubt by which he aimed to find truth (to him, all knowledge was connected, not discreet, unrelated truths) by reasoning out those things that could not be doubted. Thusly he reasoned his existence because he couldn’t very well doubt it when he was sitting there thinking about it. His method set him against the prevailing philosophy of the day, scholasticism, which focused on learning from authoritative figures and sources, particularly Aristotle.
High school algebra students will immediately recognize Descartes’ contribution to math. From today’s perspective, it may be hard to understand why it was such a big deal in the 17th Century. Descartes created analytic geometry, which uses algebraic equations to describe and understand geometric shapes. Before this, geometry and algebra were distinct fields, not parts of a unified mathematics. As part of this, he gave us Cartesian coordinates, the familiar x,y graph that has makes so many high school kids cross-eyed. Despite complaints that they’ll never use it, behind the scenes Cartesian coordinates are ubiquitous.
Descartes was not part of a secret society. He was a devout Catholic and was careful not to publish anything that would put him in direct conflict with the church. Even so, the writings of the Rosicrucians, a group of philosophers who sought political and religious reform and the advancement of science, influenced him. He even knew one of the brotherhood, though he may have been unaware of it. Despite his efforts to distance himself from the Rosy Cross, his books used terms that made some believe he was a Rosicrucian and his notebook included alchemical symbols that the group used.
Gottfried Leibniz, co-creator of calculus, was under attack from proponents of Isaac Newton, who independently created calculus contemporaneously with Leibniz. Other accused Leibniz of deriving his work from Descartes, which is why he diligently tracked down the Frenchman’s papers.
What did Descartes’ secret notebook contain? Leibniz handily decoded it. Descartes discovered Euler’s theorem. For polyhedrons, the sum of the number of faces (F) and the number of vertices (V) minus the number of edges (E) is 2 (F + V – E = 2). Descartes kept his discovery secret because some may have construed it as supporting a theory of Johann Kepler that used regular polyhedrons to describe planetary orbits in a Copernican model of the solar system. This was contrary to the teaching of the church, which Descartes wanted to avoid because of his personal devotion and because conflict with the Inquisition could be a career-ending (and life-ending) move.
Amir D. Aczel also wrote Chance.
If you’re interested in this book, you may also be interested in
1089 and All That by David Acheson
Fortune’s Formula by William Poundstone
The Numbers behind NUMB3RS by Keith Devlin & Gary Lorden
The Unfinished Game by Keith Devlin
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)